Understanding Knee Arthroscopy: A Minimally Invasive Approach to Knee Health

Introduction

Knee problems can affect anyone, from professional athletes to individuals going about their daily routines. If you’ve been recommended for a knee arthroscopy, you might have questions about what it entails and what to expect. This blog will explain everything you need to know about knee arthroscopy, including the procedure, recovery, and potential benefits.

The Anatomy of the Knee Joint

The knee joint is a complex structure composed of bones, ligaments, cartilage, and tendons that work together to provide mobility and stability. Over time, wear and tear, injury, or medical conditions such as osteoarthritis can lead to pain and dysfunction. Arthroscopy provides a minimally invasive way to diagnose and treat knee problems effectively.

What is an Arthroscopy?

Arthroscopy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure that allows a surgeon to examine and treat issues inside the knee joint. The term comes from the Greek words ‘arthro’ (joint) and ‘scope’ (to look at). Unlike traditional open surgery, arthroscopy involves small incisions, reducing scarring and promoting quicker recovery.

During an arthroscopy, a small camera (arthroscope) is inserted into the knee, relaying real-time images to a screen. This enables the surgeon to assess the condition of the joint and perform necessary procedures, such as trimming torn cartilage or repairing damaged tissue.

Why is Arthroscopy Performed?

Arthroscopy is commonly recommended for various knee conditions, including:

1. Meniscus Tears – The meniscus is a cartilage structure that acts as a shock absorber. Tears can occur due to twisting injuries and may require trimming or repair.

2. Cruciate Ligament Assessment – The anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments provide knee stability. Arthroscopy allows surgeons to inspect them and plan further interventions if needed.

3. Removal of Loose Bone or Cartilage Fragments – Trauma or degenerative conditions can lead to loose pieces of bone or cartilage in the knee, causing pain and stiffness.

4. Articular Cartilage Repair – Damage to the smooth cartilage lining of the joint can lead to pain and instability. Arthroscopy can help assess and address this damage.

5. Biopsy for Joint Lining Inflammation – If the joint lining is inflamed, a sample can be taken for further investigation.

6. Patellar (Kneecap) Issues – Arthroscopy allows for the evaluation of the patella and potential realignment if necessary.

   
   

The Surgical Procedure

Knee arthroscopy is typically performed under general anaesthesia and is often completed as a day procedure. The process involves:

• Making  two small incisions in the front of the knee

• Inserting the arthroscope and necessary surgical instruments

• Using fluid to expand the joint for better visualisation

• Performing the required surgical repairs

• Draining excess fluid and applying a dressing

  
  

Most procedures take between 15 to 60 minutes, and patients typically wake up within an hour post-surgery.

What to Expect After Arthroscopy

Recovery from arthroscopy is generally faster compared to open knee surgery. Here’s what you can expect:

• Immediate Mobility: Patients are usually encouraged to walk soon after surgery, although initial movement should be supervised by a nurse or physiotherapist.

• Pain Management: Mild discomfort is common, but pain can be managed with prescribed medications and anti-inflammatory drugs.

• Driving: It is generally advised to avoid driving for at least 3-4 days post-surgery but this depends on what was found. Your doctor will guide you.

• Follow-Up Care: A follow-up appointment is scheduled after a week to assess wound healing and overall progress.

• Physiotherapy: Rehabilitation exercises may be recommended after 1-2 weeks, depending on the condition treated.

• Activity Restrictions: Strenuous activities should be avoided for about a month to allow proper healing.

  
  

Potential Complications

While knee arthroscopy is a safe procedure, complications can occur in rare cases. These may include:

• Bleeding and swelling

• Blood clot formation (DVT)

• Infection

• Bruising (especially after lateral patellar release)

  
  

To minimise risks, patients are advised to wear compression stockings, stay mobile, and follow post-operative care instructions.

Final Thoughts

Knee arthroscopy is an effective and minimally invasive procedure for diagnosing and treating various knee conditions. If recommended by your surgeon, it can help improve mobility, reduce pain, and enhance overall knee function. As with any surgical procedure, understanding the process, recovery expectations, and potential risks can help you prepare for a successful outcome.